Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS)

Ptosis
Enophthalmos
Deep upper Sulcus
Slack lower lid
Associations of Vortex Keratopathy: ABCD

Arthritis (diclofenac)
Breast Cancer (Tamoxifen)
Cardiac (amiodarone)
Dementia / Depression (Chlorpromazine)
Enzyme deficiency (see F)
Fabry's Disease

Features of Keratoconus: CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)
Striae (Vogt’s)

Systemic associations of keratoconus: ABCDEF

Atopy
Bones (osteogenesis imperfecta)
Crouzon’s syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
Fingers (Marfan’s)

Stromal dystrophies: Marilyn Monroe Always Gets Her Man in LA City

Macular dystrophy
Mucopolysaccharide
Alcian blue
Granular Dystrophy
Hyaline material
Masson's Trichrome
Lattice Dystrophy
Amyloid
Congo Red

Secondary glaucoma: NIPPLES

Neovascular
Iridoschisis
PXF
Pigmentary
Lens (phacolytic/phacomorphic)
Iridocorneal Endothelial syndromes
Seclusio pupillae (in iritis)
+trauma (angle recession)

Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome subtypes: ICE

Iris Naevus
Chandler Syndrome
Essential Iris Atrophy

Systemic Features of Sarcoid: FILLED BAGEL

Facial nerve palsy
Infiltrates of lung parenchyma, Insufficiency of pituitary
Lymphadenopathy (esp lung hilae)
Liver & spleen enlargement
Elevated ACE & calcium
Dilated cardiomyopathy

Bone cysts
Arthralgia
Granulomata of skin
Erythema nodosum
Lupus pernio

Features of Behcet's Disease: ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis
Retinitis
Anterior uveitis
Leakage from retinal vessels
Ulceration (aphthous/genital)
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)
Erythema nodosum
Thrombophlebitis

Clinical features of Reiter’s: FUCKING

Plantar Fasciitis
Urethritis
Conjunctivitis
Keratoderma blenorrhagica
Inflamed joints
Nail dystrophy
Gum ulceration

Ophthalmic features of TB: BCG GP

Busacca & Koeppe nodules on iris
Choroiditis
Granulomata in choroid
Granulomatous uveitis (with mutton fat KP’s)
Periphlebitis

Causes of cataract: DAMAGED

Diabetes
Atopy
Myopia / Myotonic dystrophy
Anterior uveitis (chronic)
Glaucomflecken
Electricity / radiation / trauma
Drugs / Dystrophies

Drugs causing cataract: ABCD

Amiodarone
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone (po/g)

Causes of ectopia lentis: ECTOPIC M&M

Eye degeneration (phthisis)
Choroidal tumours
Trauma
Overstretched zonules (buphthalmos / megalocornea)
AR with Pupil ectopy
Isolated AR
Cystathione beta-synthase deficiency (homocystinuria)
Marfans
Weill-Marchesani syndrome

Features of posterior scleritis: POST SCLER

Proptosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Swelling of disc
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon’s space)
Subretinal exudates
Choroidal foLds
Exudative RD
Ring choroidal detachment

Differential Diagnosis of Drusen: AGEING

Alports Syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Exudate (Hard)
Inherited (Familial Dominant Drusen)
North Carolina Dystrophy
starGardts and fundus flavimaculatus

Suspicious Choroidal Naevi: To Find Small Ocular Melanoma

Thickness >2mm
Fluid (subretinal)
Symptoms
Orange pigment (lipofuscin)
Margin at optic disc

Classification of Retinoblastoma: ABCDE

SmAll (<3mm)
Bigger (>3mm, macular, subretinal fluid)
Contained Seeds
Diffuse seeds (>3mm)
Extensive (>50% globe, opaque media, NVI)

Features of Weill-Marchesani syndrome: 6 S’s

Short
Stubby fingers
Stupid
Spherophakia
Subluxed lens
Shallow AC (?)

Systemic features of Marfan syndrome: MARFANS

Mitral prolapse
Aortic dissection
Regurgitant aortic valve
Fingers long (arachnodactyly)
Arm span>height
Nasal voice (high arched palate)
Sternal excavation

Ocular features of Marfan’s: CLUMPS

Cupping (glaucoma)
Lattice
Upward lens subluxation
Myopia
Cornea Plana
Sclera blue

Things to remember about Lyme Disease: TICK’S CRAP

Tick-borne
Iritis & intermediate uveitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis (subepithelial, punctate)
Swelling of disc & Star at macula
Cardiac arrythmias (conduction defects)
Rash (erythema migrans)
Arthritis
Palsies
Posted by ImedRx Comments (2)
Labels: Mnemonics, Ophthalmology
Monday, August 11, 2008
Microbiology Mnemonics
Capsulated pathogenic organisms are

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

Quote:
S Streptococcus pneumoniae
K Klebsiella pneumoniae
H Haemophilus influenzae
P Pseudomonas aeruginosa
N Neisseria meningitidis
C Cryptococcus neoformans

Remeber... All bacilli are gram negative except "L.DATTA"

Quote:
L - Listeria
D - Diphtheria
A - Actinomycetes
T - Tetani Clostridium
T - TB Mycobatcterium
A - Anthrax bacillus

ENDOTOXIN:

Quote:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation

Quote:
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused
SOFT PAINS:

Quote:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Food poisoning: bugs inducing
"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":

Quote:
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors
SMASHED:

Quote:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused
NIPPLES:

Quote:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it
"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":

Quote:
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Clostridium difficile: disease caused

Quote:
"Difficult to be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Trichomaniasis: features

Quote:
· 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion

Quote:
"ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing

Quote:
"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Bad Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Meningitis: risk factors

Quote:
"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations

Quote:
"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations

Quote:
"My Cat Eats Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Urease positive organisms

Quote:
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing

Quote:
"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

different tricks to remember blot techniques

Quote:
South in Gujarati is DAXIN...simple...Southern blot is for DNA
West in Gujarati is PASCHIM...so...Western Blot is for Protein
and Northern is simply for M RNA(just to remember N with M)

its how they eat
north -roti - rna
south -dosa - dna
west -pizza - protein

BACILLUS

Quote:
Bombs Make PAGes
Bombs-for Bacillus............Bamboo stick appearance
Make-Macdyean reaction
P-PLET medium
A-Agar medium[medusa head]
Ge-Gelatin stab
S-Solid medium....String in pearls reaction.......!!!!

Neisseria Meningitidis

Quote:
Loafers Eat BMTC ticket Of Mahatma Gandhi in Chennai
L-Lenticular colonies
E-Exacting growth requirements
B-blood agar[weak hemolysis]
M-Muellar hinton agar
T-Thayer martin agar
C-Chocolate agar
O-Oxidase positive
MG-utilize Glucose and Maltose
C-Catalase positive

PSEUDOMONAS pathogenecity
Remember "PSEUDOMONAS" for memorise pathogenesity of pseudomonas infection

Quote:
P= pulmonary infection
S= septicemia
E= eye infection; endocarditis
U= UTI
D= (dermatological)Ecthyma gangrenosum
O= otitis media
M= meningitis
o= --------
N= nail bed infection
A= B= burns & bed sore
S= sepsis

PATCH for sterile pyuria

Quote:
P- Pregnancy,Prostatitis
A-acute febrile illness,atypical mycobacteriae
T-TB,Trauma,Transplant rejection,Treated UTI
C-Corticosteroid use ,cyclophosphamide
H-H.influenza infection

Encephalitis: differential
HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:

Herpesviridae
Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions)
Syphilis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
Aspergillus
Toxoplasmosis
Intracranial pressure
Neisseria meningitidis
Arboviridae
Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor
E. coli
Rabies/ Rubella
Idiopathic
Cryptococcus/ Candida
Abscess
Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis
· Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise.

Eggs that float in Saturated Saline

Remember, "I HATE fertilised eggs"

Hymenolepis nana and Hookworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichura
Enterobius vermicularis

So the fertilised eggs of all the above float in saturated saline. Everything else sinks.
Posted by ImedRx Comments (0)
Labels: Microbiology, Mnemonics
Pharmacology Mnemonics
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions
HMG-CoA:
· Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]
· Contraindications:
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children
· Interactions:
Coumarin/ Cyclosporine

Antiarrhythmics: class III members
BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
Sotalol

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions
ABCDE:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Clopidogrel: use
CLOPIdogrel is a drug that prevents
CLots, an Oral Platelet Inhibitor (OPI).

Amiodarone: action, side effects
6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Beta blockers: members
"The NEPAL Prime Minister":
Timolol
Nadolol
Esmolol
Pindolol
Atenolol
Labetalol
Propranolol
Metoprolol

Ca++ channel blockers: uses
CA++ MASH:
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF
Angina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
· Alternatively: "CHASM":
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF
Hypertension
Angina
Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers
"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol

Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV
MBA College· In order of class I to IV:
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring
EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.
Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT

anti hyprtensive safe for pregnancy are---

My N.H.L ---

Quote:
M-methyl dopa..
N-nifedipine...
H-hydralazine..
L-labetalol.

methyldopa

Quote:
M = mental retardation
E = electrolyte imbalance
T = tolerance
H = headache/ hepatotoxicity, rebound HTN
Y = psYchological upset
D = dry mouth, drowsiness
O = oedema, orthostatic hypotension
P = Parkinsonism
A = Anemia [+ve coomb's test]

sodium nitroprusside

clinical uses: MR. CHIEF SURGERY IN EMERGENCY

Quote:
Mr. = Acute MI
chief = Acute CHF
Surgery = maintain hemostasis during surgeries
emergency = hypertensive emergencies

antihypertensives used in emergencies.............
Saurav Ganguly HELP

Quote:
S-sodium nitroprusside
G-GTN
H-hydralazine
E-esmolol
L-labetalol
P-phentolamine

Anticholinergic side effects

"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":

Quote:
Anorexia
Blurry vision
Constipation/ Confusion
Dry Mouth
Sedation/ Stasis of urine

Antimuscarinics: members, action

"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":

Quote:
Ipratropium
Pirenzepine
Atropine
Scopolamine
_Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

Aspirin: side effects
ASPIRIN:

Quote:
Asthma
Salicyalism
Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA
Intestinal blood loss
Reye's syndrome
Idiosyncracy
Noise (tinnitus)

Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure)

LOT:

Quote:
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam

Benzodiazepenes: antidote

Quote:
"Ben is off with the flu":
Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.

Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism
"I'm Overly Calm":

Quote:
Isoniazid
Oral contraceptive pills
Cimetidine
_ These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.

Benzodiazepines: actions
"Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle":

Quote:
Sedation
anti-Convulsant
anti-Anxiety
Muscle relaxant
Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.

Beta selective blockers
"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":

Quote:
Beta blockers:
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metropolol

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin

Quote:
Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":
Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects

If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB": or SLUDGE

Quote:
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
Salivation
Sweating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction

Delerium-causing drugs

ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:

Quote:
Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)
Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)
Theophylline
Ethanol
Corticosteroids
H blockers
Antiparkinsonian drugs
Narcotics (esp. mepridine)
Geriatric psychiatric drugs
ENT drugs
Insomnia drugs
NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)
Muscle relaxants
Seizure medicines

Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines
DINED:

Quote:
Dopamine
Isoproterenol
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dobutamine

Inhalation anesthetics
SHINE:

Quote:
Sevoflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
_ If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.

Ipratropium: action
Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.

Lead poisoning: presentation
ABCDEFG:

Quote:
Anemia
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
Foot drop
Gum (lead line)

Lithium: side effects
LITH:

Quote:
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
Hypothyroidism

MAOIs: indications
MAOI'S:

Quote:
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
Social phobias
_ Listed in decreasing order of importance.
_ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.

Methyldopa: side effects
METHYLDOPA:

Quote:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members
"PIT of despair":

Quote:
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine
_ A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.

Morphine: effects
MORPHINES:

Quote:
Miosis
Orthostatic hypotension
Respiratory depression
Pain supression
Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations
Increased ICT
Nausea
Euphoria
Sedation

Morphine: effects at mu receptor
PEAR:

Quote:
Physical dependence
Euphoria
Analgesia
Respiratory depression

Narcotic antagonists

Quote:
The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone.
_ Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

Parkinsonism: drugs
SALAD:

Quote:
Selegiline
Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
Amantadine
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Phenytoin: adverse effects
PHENYTOIN:
Quote:
P- interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache

Physostigmine vs. neostigmine
LMNOP:

Quote:
Lipid soluble
Miotic
Natural
Orally absorbed well
Physostigmine
_ Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:
Water soluble
Used in myesthenia gravis
Synthetic
Poor oral absorption

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine
"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":

Quote:
Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).

Serotonin syndrome: components
Causes HARM:
Quote:
Hyperthermia
Autonomic instability (delirium)
Rigidity
Myoclonus

Sodium valproate: side effects
VALPROATE:

Quote:
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

Succinylcholine: action, use
Quote:
Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.

Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing
"I have to hide, the CIA is after me":
Quote:
Clomipramine
Imipramine
Amitrptyline
_ If want the next worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:
Desipramine
Norrtriptyline
Doxepin

Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S:

Quote:
ThrombocytopeniaCardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
Seizures

Vigabatrin: mechanism
Vi-GABA-Tr-In:

Quote:
Via GABA Transferase Inhibition

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy
MCAT:

Quote:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline

Busulfan: features
ABCDEF:

Quote:
Alkylating agent
Bone marrow suppression s/e
CML indication
Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e
Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e

Metabolism enzyme inducers
"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":

Quote:
Rifampin
Barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phenytoin
Phenobarb
Smoking cigarettes

Morphine: side-effects
MORPHINE:

Quote:
Myosis
Out of it (sedation)
Respiratory depression
Pneumonia (aspiration)
Hypotension
Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
Nausea
Emesis

Therapeutic index: formula
TILE:

Code:
TI = LD / EDZero order kinetics drugs (most common ones)
"PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":

Quote:
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
Zero order
_ Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)

Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action

Quote:
zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase
zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor

Beta- vs Beta- receptor location
"You have heart and lungs":

Quote:
Beta- are therefore primarily on heart.
Beta- primarily on lungs.

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis
"Very Angry Hepatocytes":

Quote:
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta
ABCD:

Quote:
Alpha = Constrict.
Beta = Dilate.

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Quote:
Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.
Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some
diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions
ABCDE:

Quote:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers "Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):

Quote:
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol

PREANASTHETIC MEDICATION

HOSANA this is a christian word.

Quote:
H-H2blockers
O-opeoids
S-sedatives-antianxiety
A-anticholenergic
N-neuroleptics
A-antiemetics

simple and sobar

anti epeleptic drugs

Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.

Quote:
D...deoxy barbiturates
B...barbiturates
H....hydantoin
A.. aliphatic carb acids
I....iminostilbenes
S....succinimides
B....BZD's
N.... newer drugs
P....Phenyltriazines
C... cyclic gaba analogues

adverse effects of tetracyclins-KAPIL DEV

Quote:
K kidney toxicity
A antianabolic effect
P phototoxicity
I inc ICP
L liver toxicity

D diabetes insipidus
E enamel problems
V vestibular toxicity

GENERAL TOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS
SHaLi's BF Ghoghari Gautam is Chor.

Quote:
S-skin
H-hyperurecemia
L-lymphoreticular tissue
B-bone marrow
F-Foetus
G-gonads
G-git
C-carcinogenecity

6 H s and 8 H s of adverse effects of thaizide diuretics and loop diuretics respectively.....

'melbourne cricket authority has high funds though players get minor amount' .. for clinical uses of beta blockers...

Drugs causing pulmonary fibrosis:

Quote:
BAB like in baba (father)
Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Busulfan

ADRS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL

smart boys in girls hostel
B.... bone marrow depression
H...hypersensitivity
I....irritative effects
S.....superinfections
G.....Gray baby syndrome
ampicillin uses

UR GMCS BeST

Quote:
UTI
Respi
Gonorrhoea
Maningitis
cholecystitis
septicemias
bacillary dysentry
sabe
typhoid

misch
Acyclovir “I see clover”

I see a three-leaf clover (this is a prodrug that gets converted into a triphosphate – it resembles dNTP and inhibits DNA Polymerase). Imagine putting clovers over herpes sores and genital warts (this is used to treat those).

Amantadine “Homan to Dean” In case you haven’t heard, Dr. Homan is our new SOM dean. His new policy: he won’t let us come to school without our white coats (this drug blocks uncoating, stage 2, in viral infection). Other interesting facts about him: he can pee for 12 hours straight! (The half-life is 12h and it’s excreted unchanged in the kidney .)
Dr. Homan can’t take the pressure of being a new dean so he becomes a nervous drunk with depression, feelings of detachment, insomnia, dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, and inability to concentrate (these are some of the adverse effects)

Cephachlor “Chlorine” – as in swimming pools
You swim and get water up your nose and in your ears (this drug treats sinusitis and OTITIS media).

Cephadroxil “Drop rocks” While you are peeing you drop rocks (This drug treats UTIs).

Cephalothin “…Loathing”
If your heart is infected, you can’t love, only loathe (this is used to treat severe infections such as endocarditis).

Cephamandole “…Man doll” You have to inflate your man doll and you get an upper respiratory infection. If you “use” this anatomically correct man doll, he will give you pelvic inflammatory disease (This drug is indicated for URI and PID). He’s also so real that he bleeds!!! (Adverse effect: It affects Vit-K dependent clotting function)

Cephazolin “…Soul in” You want to keep your soul in and not die if you go to surgery (this drug is used prophylactically for surgery).

Cephoperazone “…Opera zone” Going to the opera makes me want to get drunk to the point of illness. These drugs, when mixed with ethanol interfere with ALDH, affecting alcohol metabolism (you end up with increased acetaldehyde – a DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION).
Also, if you see Phantom of the Opera, expect to see some blood! (This affects Vit-K dependent clotting function.)

Cephotaxime “…Tax time” IRS is hard to kill off – they are MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANT (Use this drug against MDR strains.).

Clindamycin “Clean the mice”
You’re cleaning the mice because they are covered with ticks (this drug is used to treat Lyme Disease). You have to use SOS kitchen cleaner to clean the mice (SOS = 50 S ribosomal unit – where this drug acts).
Richard Gere likes to put mice in “where the sun don’t shine” and this is a very FRAGILE procedure (Clindamycin may cause Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and it’s also used to treat B. fragilis infections).

Fluconazole “Flu cone” Imagine an emaciated AIDS patient eating an ice cream cone made of the flu and he gets an oral and esophageal fungal infection. (This is used to treat oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients).

Foscarnet “Fox cARRR net” If you catch foxes in a net, they won’t reproduce (this drug is a stage 3 inhibitor). ARRR… it inhibits RNA polymerase and Reverse transcriptase to block Reproduction. You’re going to put the foxes into a car that’s made out of bones instead of metal (this drug binds to bones and decreases Ca2+ and Mg2+).
Also, a foxy lady is HOT (this drug will cause a fever) and never wear fox urine to hunt (this is excreted in the kidney and causes renal insufficiency).

inhalational corticosteroids

Bed Bug Flew To Florida

Quote:
B-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE
B-BUDESONIDE
F-FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE
T-TRIAMCINALONE
F-FLUNISOLIDE

Succinylcholine: action, use

Quote:
Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":

Quote:
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
Salivation
Sweating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction

Steroids: side effects
BECLOMETHASONE:

Quote:
Buffalo hump
Easy bruising
Cataracts
Larger appetite
Obesity
Moonface
Euphoria
Thin arms & legs
Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
Skin thinning
Osteoporosis
Negative nitrogen balance
Emotional liability

Methyldopa: side effects
METHYLDOPA:

Quote:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)

Sodium valproate: side effects
VALPROATE:

Quote:
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects
CAPTOPRIL:

Quote:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity

Lithium: side effects
LITH:

Quote:
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
Hypothyroidism

Opioids: effects
BAD AMERICANS:

Quote:
Bradycardia & hypotension
Anorexia
Diminished pupilary size
Analgesics
Miosis
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
Constipation
Ameliorate cough reflex
Nausea and vomiting
Sedations

Ca++ channel blockers: uses
CA++ MASH:

Quote:
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF
Angina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension

·
Alternatively: "CHASM":

Quote:
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF
Hypertension
Angina
Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine
MorPHINE: Fine.
AmPHETamine: Fat
"Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine)
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)

Phenobarbitone side effects
Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression)
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness

Atropine: origin tells action or vice versa
Atropine causes your pupils to dilate, and it came from nightshade [belladona]In the night or in shade, your pupils dilate so you can see

Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia
"A goes with B":

Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia

Reserpine action
Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin]

Sodium channel blockade: Procainamide, Quinidine, Disopyramide

"Quaker Preachers Discussed Sobriety."

Quaker-Quinidine
Preachers-Procainamide
Discussed-Disopyramide
Sobriety-Sodium channel blockade

Class IB - Sodium channel blockade: Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Mexiletine, tocainide

"Philadelphians Like Salty Mexican Tacos."

Philadelphians-Phenytoin
Like-Lidocaine
Salty-Sodium channel blockade
Mexican-Mexiletine
Tacos-Tocainide

Class IC - Sodium channel blockade: Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone

"Flea Encrusted Prophets."

Flea-Flecainide
Encrusted-Encainide
Prophets-Propafenone

Class II - Beta-adrenergic blockade: Propranolol

"Betting Professionals."

Betting-Beta-adrenergic blockade
Professionals-Propranolol

Class III - Prolong repolarization: Amiodarone, Bretylium, Solatol

"Britain Repossessed American Soaps."

Britain-Bretylium
Repossessed-Repolarization is prolonged.
American-Amiodarone
Soaps-Solatol

Class IV - Calcium channel blockade: Verapamil, Diltiazem

"Calligraphist's Verbal Dilemma."

Calligraphist-Calcium channel blockade
Verbal-Verapamil
Dilemma-Diltiazem

Antiarrhythmic agents:

"A Dubious Quality Product...
Bought To Preserve Little Money...
Can Fabricate Enough Problems."

A-1a B-1b C-1c

1a-A:
D-Disopyramide
Q-Quinidine
P-Procainamide

1b-B:
T-Tocainamide
P-Phenytoin
L-Lidocaine
M-Mexiletine

1c-C:
F-Flecainamide
E-Encainamide
P-Propafenone

Mnemonics For Side Effects.

ACEI, Side Effects
CAPTOPRIL
Cough,
anaphylaxis,
palpitations,
taste,
orthostatic ↓BP,
Potassium (↑K+),
Renal impairment,
impotence,
leucocytosis

Anti-epileptic side Effects
ABCDEFGH
Ataxia,
blood dyscrasia,
cleft lip,
dupuytrens / vit D def,
exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnson’s. Fits,
GI upset / gum hypertrophy,
hepatitis / hairy

Barbiturate side Effects
ABCD
Ataxia,
behavioural disturbance,
↓concentration / coma,
depression / drowsy / diplopia

Cholinergic OD side Effects
DUMB BELS
Diarrhoea,
Urination,
Miosis / muscle weakness,
bronchorrea
Bradycardia,
emesis,
lacrimation,
salivation / sweating

Cyclosporin Side Effects
4HRT
4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy
R – Renal toxicity
T - Tremor

Digoxin S/E
GECCKO
GIT – n&v, abdo pain, ulcers
Eyes – blurring, halo, xanthopsia
CNS – depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations
Cardiac – ANY arrhythmia
K - low

MAOI side Effects
3Hs
Hepatocellular jaundice,
Hyperthermia,
hypertension

TCAD side Effects
CAN WOO
Cvs,
Anticholinergic,
Neuro,
Withdrawal,
Overdose,
Others

Steroids Side Effects
HIGH COMPACT IMPS

Hypertension,
Immunosuppression,
Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),
Heartburn
Cataract,
Osteoporosis,
Muscle weakness,
Path # / Psychosis,
Acne / Altered Glucose,
Cushingoid,
Thin skin
Increased appetite,
Myopathy,
poor wound healing,
stress response reduced

AM CUSHINGOID

Acne,
Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox)
Cushingoid / Cataract,
Ulcers,
Striae, skin thin (bruising),
Hypertension / hairy,
Infection,
Glycosuria,
Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema,
Immunosuppression / Insomnia,
Depression

Posted by ImedRx Comments (0)
Labels: Mnemonics, Pharmacology
Pathology Mnemonics
MI: post-MI complications
ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Congestive cardiac failure
Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infaction (a second one)
Death/ Dressler's syndrome

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf

MI: complications
HAS CRAPPED:
Heart failure/ Hypertension
Arrhythmia
Shock
Cardiac Rupture
Aneurysm
Pericarditis
Pulmonary Emboli
DVT

Heart failure causes
"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis

Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham)
FRAMINGHAM:
Family history
Running (exercise)
Adiposity (obesity)
Marlboros (tobacco)
Insulin resistance (diabetes)
Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia)
Georgie Pie (high fat diet)
Hypertension
Age
Male

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

Quote:
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome

Quote:
PARIS:
Post-streptococcal
Alport's
RPGN
IgA nephropathy
SLE
· Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease

Quote:
TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease

Macrocytic anaemia: differential

Quote:
FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy)
Alcohol
Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism)
Reticulocytosis
B12 and folate deficiency
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Hypokalaemia: clinical features

Quote:
TIMID CHIMP:
Tetany
Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates)
Muscle weakness
Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy
Digoxin toxicity
Cardiac arrythmias
Hypotonia
Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave
Muscle cramps
Polyuria

Renal failure (chronic): consequences

Quote:
ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
-pericarditis
D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards
GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
-intractable hiccups

Aneurysm types

Quote:
MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Syphilitic
Capillary microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry

Necrosis: the 4 types

Code:
"Life Can Get Complicated":LiquifactiveCoagulationGangreneCaseous· 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.
Turner syndrome: components

Code:
CLOWNS:Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)LymphoedemaOvaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)Webbed neckNipples widely spacedShort
Fragile-X syndrome: features

Code:
DSM-4: Discontinued chromosome stainingShows anticipationMale (male more affected)Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)MacrognathiaMacroorchidismWhipple's disease: full features

Code:
WHIPPLES: Weight lossHyperpigmentation of skinInfection with tropheryma whippeliiPAS positive granules in macrophagePolyarthritisLymphadenopathyEnteric involvementSteatorrhea
CREST sydrome: components

Code:
CREST: CalcinosisRaynaud's phenomenaEsophageal dysmotilitySclerodactylyTelangectasia
Edwards' syndrome: characteristics

Code:
EDWARDS: Eighteen (trisomy)Digit overlapping flexionWide headAbsent intellect (mentally retarded)Rocker-bottom feetDiseased heartSmall lower jaw
Fragile X syndrome: features

Code:
FEMALES FMR1 geneExhibits anticpationMacro-orchidismAutismLong face with large jawEverted eyes
Kawasaki disease: features

Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.

Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.

Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.

Fever: thermometer.

Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.

Generalized rash: rash dots.

Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.

Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.

Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.

Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.

Kawasaki Disease Criteria

"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might get CREAMed.

Conjunctivitis (non-exudative)
Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular)
Edema (or erythema of hands or feet)
Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral)
Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting)

To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above.
Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation.

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria

CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:

Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
Posted by ImedRx Comments (2)
Labels: Mnemonics, Pathology
Physiology Mnemonics
Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function
Quote:
"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain":
Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal.
Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

Pituitary hormones

Quote:
FLAGTOP:
Follicle stimulating hormone
Lutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin
· Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.

Adrenal cortex layers and products

Quote:
"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex":
· Layers:
Glomerulosa
Fasiculata
Reticulata
· Respective products:
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones
· Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Einthoven's Triangle: organization

Quote:
Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg).
Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++].
Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III].
For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle hemisphere contains only positive signs.
· See diagram.

Heart valves: sequence of flow

Quote:
TRIPS BIAS:
TRIcuspid
Pulmonary
Semilunar
BIcuspid
Aortic
Semilunar
Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid

Compliance of lungs factors

Quote:
COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema
· All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Progesterone: actions

Quote:
PROGESTE:
Produce cervical mucous
Relax uterine smooth muscle
Oxycotin sensitivity down
Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down
Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up
Sustain pregnancy
Temperature up / Tit development
Excitability of myometrium down

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

Quote:
THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites
Quote:
"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):
· Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.
"HbF binds Forcefully":
· HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left.
Stored blood is SOS:
· Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG.
2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:
· BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.
Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:
· Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Oestrogen: functions

Quote:
OESTROGEN SUX:
Organ development (sex organs)
Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation
Secondary sex characteristics development
Tropic for pregnancy
Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH)
Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption)
Granulosa cell development
Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect
Nipple development
Sex drive increase
Uterine contractility increase
oXytocin sensitivity increase

Electrical conductivity of tissues

Quote:
"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve":
In order of least conductive to most conductive:
Bones
Cartilage
Tendon
Skin
Muscle
Blood
Nerve

Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells

A$$E$

Acidosis: H+ ions move in.
Starvation: catabolism of cells.
Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).
Exercise: catabolism of cells.
Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic

Quote:
• Acidophilic:
GPA:
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Acidophilic
• Basophilic:
B-FLAT
Basophilic
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

Erythropoiesis stages

Quote:
"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment":

Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatic erythroblast
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features

Quote:
1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for Neutrophil.
2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.

White blood cell relative concentrations

Quote:
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas":

From greatest to least:
Neutrophils (65%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (6%)
Eosinophils (3%)
Basophils (1%)

• Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas".
• Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background".
• Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans".
• Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.

Basophil morphology

Quote:
Basophil has Big Blue Balls (granules).

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated

Quote:
"BEN Loves Money":

• Granulocytes:
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neurophil
• Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

• Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight.

Mast cell primary granule contents

Quote:
"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!":

Mast = Mast cell
His = Histamine
He= Heparin
C = Chymase
Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils
Gag = GAGase

Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons

Quote:
Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions.
Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.

Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark

Quote:
There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light".
These one vowels match up to their one letter names:
DArk band is the A band.
LIght band is the I band.

Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location

Quote:
HAZI (Hazy):
H line is in A-band.
Z disc is in the I band.

Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei location/number

Quote:
Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body.
Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle.
Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery.
Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.

Muscle sarcomere bands

Quote:
"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle":
• From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry:
Z I A H M H A I Z.
• Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".

Muscle fiber: types

Quote:
• Type 1:
"1 slow fat red ox":
-slow twitch
-lipid accumulation
-red fibers
-oxidative
• Type 2:
"2 fast skinny white breasts":
-fast twitch
-low lipid
-white fibers, like chicken breasts

Haematology: key numbers

Quote:
3 and 4 are key in in haematology:

1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.
There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.
There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Macrocytic anemia: causes

Quote:
ABCDEF:

Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis

Quote:

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss":

There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites

Quote:
"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):

• Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.

"HbF binds Forcefully":

• HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left.

Stored blood is SOS:

• Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG.

2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:

• BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.

Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:

• Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests

Quote:
"PeT PiTTbull":
PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway.
PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.

Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function

Quote:
carotid SinuS: measures preSSure.
carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Heart valves: closure sequence

Quote:
"Many Things Are Possible":

Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones

Quote:
FLATPiG:

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
ignore GH

Electrical conductivity of tissues

Quote:
"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve":
In order of least conductive to most conductive:
Bones
Cartilage
Tendon
Skin
Muscle
Blood
Nerve

Compliance of lungs factors

Quote:
COMPLIANCE:

Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema

• All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3

Quote:
ROME:

Respiratory= Opposite:
• pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).
• pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal:
• pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
• pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).